[Inferior caval agenesis and renal trauma]. / Agenesia de vena cava inferior y traumatismo abdominal cerrado.

We are publishing a case of sixteen years old male, with inferior caval agenesis suffering a fall, and having a serious trauma over the left renal unit. We review the recommendations of intervention in front of high grade renal trauma and we too study the existing knowledge on the literature in order to get a posible higher incidence of this kind of trauma in patients with these anomaly.

Agenesia de vena cava inferior y traumatismo abdominal cerrado / Inferior caval agenesis and renal trauma

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 16 años, con agenesia de vena cava inferior que sufre una caída, resultando de la misma un severo traumatismo de la unidad renal izquierda. Revisamos las recomendaciones de actuación frente a traumatismos de alto grado y, valoramos, si existen en pacientes con esta anomalía, factores que predispongan a aumentar la severidad de las lesiones frente a traumatismos (AU)

We are publishing a case of sixteen years old male, with inferior caval agenesis suffering a fall, and having a serious trauma over the left renal unit. We review the recommendations of intervention in front of high grade renal trauma and we too study the existing knowledge on the literature in order to get a posible higher incidence of this kind of trauma in patients with these anomaly (AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo mediante cabestrillo suburetral SPARC. Análisis de nuestra experiencia / Stress urinary incontinence surgical treatment with suburethral suprapubic sparc sling

Introducción: La incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) presenta una gran morbilidad y una elevada incidencia. Existen múltiples técnicas quirúrgicas descritas para el tratamiento de la misma, con diversos resultados. Los cabestrillos suburetrales se han establecido en los últimos años como un método simple y poco invasivo para el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo. Material y Método: Analizamos retrospectivamente nuestra serie de 86 pacientes diagnosticadas de IUE, intervenidas, entre Octubre de 2001 y Diciembre de 2005, mediante un cabestrillo suburetral suprapúbico (SPARC(C)). Resultados: La media de edad es de 58,7 años (39-80). La estancia media hospitalaria es de 2,43 días (1-8) y la duración media de sonda de 1,52 días (1-10). En el 14,5% de los casos, se realizó cirugía asociada, siendo la más frecuente, la colpoperineoplastia anterior (10,7 %). Las complicaciones son poco frecuentes; perforación vesical (5,8%), RAO antes del alta (7%), ITU (15,3%), RAO crónica (3,5%). En el 3,5% de las mujeres, se realizó lisis del cabestrillo, por retención crónica. El seguimiento medio es de 10,14 meses, encontrándose un 71,4% de continencia total. Un 26,2% de las pacientes presentaron síntomas de hiperactividad de novo, con problemas de incontinencia en el 54,5% de estas. (p<0,002; OR 5.0 (IC 95% 1,75-14,28). Conclusiones: El SPARC© es un método sencillo, con un tiempo hospitalario corto y una rápida reincorporación a la vida social. Los resultados pueden ser valorados rápidamente y con una tasa elevada de éxito. La aparición de urgencia de novo es elevada y empeora los resultados funcionales. Es necesario un mayor seguimiento para valorar resultados funcionales a largo plazo

Introduction: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has a high incidence and important morbidity. Multiple surgical techniques have been described to treat it, with despair results. Suburethral slings have become, in recent years, a simpler and less invasive method to treat SUI surgically. Material and method: The purpose of this paper is to review, retrospectively, 86 patients treated at our institution, from 10/01 to 12/05 of SUI, with a suprapubic suburethral sling (SPARC). Results: Medium (range) age is 58.7 (39-80), hospital stay was 2.43 d (1-8) and catheter was removed 1.52 d (1-10). 14.5% of patients underwent other vaginal surgeries at same time, most frequently anterior colpoperineoplasty (10.7%). Complications are not very frequent; bladder perforation (5.8%), acute urinary retention (7%), chronic urinary retention (3.5%) and UTI (15.3%). Sling release was performed in 3.5% of women with chronic urinary retention. Total continence was found in 71.4% of patients with 10.1 months medium follow up (1-32). De novo urge symptoms were found in 26.2% of women, with urge incontinence in 54.5% of them. (p < 0,002; OR 5.0 (IC 95% 1.75-14.28). Conclusions: Suprapubic suburethral SPARC sling is a simple method, with few complications and fast social recovery. Outcome can be measured soon, with a high continence rate. De novo urge symptoms are high and they worsen functional results. It is necessary longer follow-up to evaluate long term outcomes

[Radical prostatectomy with minilaparotomy "minilap" for patients with prostate cancer]. / Técnica de minilaparotomía "minilap" en pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical por cáncer de próstata.

INTRODUCTION: prostate cancer is the most frequent tumor in males. The use of PSA contributes to diagnose tumors with low stage. Radical Prostatectomy (R.P.) is the gold standard to treat this tumor; however such is not exempt of risks. Different technical modifications like minimal incisions minilaparotomy "minilap" had contributed to improve results. We review our experience with Minilap on patients underwent a RP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between April 1997 and September 2005 carry out 110 RP with Minilap technique. All cases were performed with minimal incision 7-8 cm of length. We use and specific retractor developed in our hospital. Median age at time of surgery was 65 (47-79). Clinical stage in 39 (35.4%) were T1c, 64 (58.3%) T2 and 7 (6.3%) T3. Sixty eight percent were Gleason score < or =6, 34(30.9%) 7 and 1 (0.9%) Gleason 8. RESULTS: In 86 cases (38.5%) pathological stage were pT2, 21 (19%) pT3, 1 (0.9%) pT4 and 2 (1.8%) pT0. Nine patients (8%) had postoperative complications. No re-interventions were necessary and 101 (90%) were discharge without per operatives complications. Mean length of stay was 4 days and 97 (88.8%) of patients were discharge with only five days length of stay. Urinary continence rate with a year like minimal follow up is 92.3% and 40% preserve sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal invasive techniques like minilap can be done in regular form with good results and without long learning curve.

Masa pélvica y anorquia bilateral / Pelvic mass and bilateral anorchia

No disponible

[Vesicoureteral reflux in spinal cord injured patients. Treatment results and statistical analysis]. / Reflujo vesicoureteral en pacientes lesionados medulares. Analisis estadistico de resultados en el tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: VUR in spinal cord injured patients is cause of important morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper is to make a statistical, retrospective and descriptive study to analyze VUR treatment results, in neurogenic bladder SCI patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We study 40 patients (80 renal units) with VUR in neurogenic bladders and SCI, between March, 1990 and November, 2004. Median age is 43.05 y (9-76). 77.5% of patients are males (3.4:1). Time from injury to VUR is 24.7m (0.2-87). Median follow up is 8.23a (0.5-29). Traumatic lesions are most frequent (70%). Median bladder capacity is 244.9 ml (43-555) and median bladder compliance is 16.12 ml/cm H2O (0.3-61.6). Detrusor overactivity is found in 72.2% and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 71.8%. Initial conservative treatment is done with indwelling catheter and anticholinergics RESULTS: Complete remission was found in 57.5% of RU, descending VUR a 23.7% (66.2% previously to 42.5% after; p<0.02), and predominant in unilateral reflux. Partial response was found in 3.8%, progression in 12.5% and recidiva post CR in 10.9%. Younger patients have better remission rates (39.4 to 47.6 y; p=0.04). Urodinamycs variables don't found any significant differences in treatment results. Endoscopic treatment with bulking agents gets a good response rate (56.3%) (p=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Initial conservative treatment gets a 23.7% reduction of VUR, especially in men, young and unilateral reflux patients. Anyhow, we observe some progression and recidiva. Detrusor overactivity and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia didn't influence in treatment results, but they are found in all patients with recidiva. With longer reflux evolution, we observe better responses, but also a higher recidiva rate (p=0.007). Endoscopic bulky injection techniques found out a good response rate (56.3%), also in patients with recidiva after conservative treatment.

Técnica de minilaparotomía “Minilap” en pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical por cáncer de próstata / Radical prostatectomy with minilaparotomy “Minilap” for patients with prostate cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de próstata es en la actualidad el tumor mas frecuente en el varón. Muchos de estos tumores con la utilización del PSA y diagnóstico precoz se detectan en fases localizadas. La prostatectomía radical (PR.) sigue siendo el método de tratamiento más usado, si bien dicha cirugía no está exenta de riesgos Los refinamientos técnicos y en la técnica como las incisiones mínimas minilaparotomía (Minilap), han contribuido a mejorar los resultados. Presentamos nuestra experiencia con la técnica de Minilap en pacientes sometidos a PR.. Material y métodos: En el período comprendido entre abril de 1997 y septiembre de 2005 realizamos 110 PR. según técnica de Minilap. En todos los casos se utilizaron incisiones de 7-8 cms. Para la realización de esta técnica utilizamos un separador multivalvas desarrollado en el propio Hospital. La edad media era de 65 años (47- 79) por estadios, 39 (35,4%) eran T1c, 64 (58,3%) cT2 y 7 (6,3%), cT3. En 68,2% el Gleason era ≤6, 34 (30,9%), 7 y 1 (0,9%), 8. Resultados: El estadio patológico fue pT2 86(38,1%), pT3 en 21 (19%), pT4 1(0,9%) y 2(1,8%) pT0. En 9 (8%) casos se presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias. Ninguno precisó reintervenciones y 101(90%) no presentaron complicaciones perioperatorias. La mediana de estancia postoperatoria fue de 4 días y 97 pacientes (88,8%) fueron dados de alta en los 5 primeros días. Al año un 92.3% presentan continencia urinaria completa o fugas mínimas y un 40% vida sexual activa. Conclusiones: Técnicas mínimamente invasivas para la cirugía de cáncer de próstata como la Minilap pueden realizarse de forma habitual con buenos resultados y sin necesidad de una curva de aprendizaje prolongada

Introduction: prostate cancer is the most frequent tumor in males. The use of PSA contributes to diagnose tumors with low stage. Radical Prostatectomy (R.P.) is the gold standard to treat this tumor; however such is not exempt of risks. Different technical modifications like minimal incisions minilaparotomy 'minilap' had contributed to improve results. We review our experience with Minilap on patients underwent a RP. Material and Methods: Between April 1997 and September 2005 carry out 110 RP with Minilap technique. All cases were performed with minimal incision 7-8 cm of length. We use and specific retractor developed in our hospital. Median age at time of surgery was 65 (47-79). Clinical stage in 39 (35.4%) were T1c, 64(58.3%) T2 and 7(6.3%) T3. Sixty eight percent were Gleason score ≤6, 34(30.9%) 7 and 1(0.9%) Gleason 8. Results: In 86 cases (38.5%) pathological stage were pT2 , 21(19%) pT3, 1(0.9%) pT4 and 2 (1.8%) pT0. Nine patients (8 % ) had postoperative complications. No re-interventions were necessary and 101(90%) were discharge without per operatives complications. Mean length of stay was 4 days and 97(88.8%) of patients were discharge with only five days length of stay. Urinary continence rate with a year like minimal follow up is 92.3% and 40% preserve sexual activity. Conclusions: Minimal invasive techniques like minilap can be done in regular form with good results and without long learning curve

Reflujo vesicoureteral en pacientes lesionados medulares. Analisis estadístico de resultados en el tratamiento / Vesicoureteral reflux in spinal cord injured patients. Treatment results and statistical analysis

Introducción: El RVU en pacientes con lesión medular es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo, es realizar un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y estadístico que analiza los resultados en el tratamiento del reflujo vesicoureteral, en los pacientes con vejiga neurógena establecida. Material y método: Se estudian 40 pacientes con RVU, secundario a vejiga neurógena por lesión medular, entre marzo/90 y noviembre/04. Se observa RVU en el 66,2% de las UR. La edad media es 43,05a (9-76). El 77,5% son hombres (3,4:1). La evolución desde la lesión medular hasta el diagnóstico del RVU de 24,7 meses (0,2-87m). El tiempo de seguimiento es de 8,23a (0,5- 29). Etiología traumática en el 70%. La capacidad vesical media es de 244,9 ml (43-555ml), la compliance vesical media es de 16,12 ml/cm. H20 (0,3-61,6). La hiperactividad del detrusor se aprecia en 72,2% y la disinergia vesico-esfinteriana externa en 71,8%. El tratamiento inicial es conservador con sondaje vesical y terapia anticolinérgica. Resultados: Curación completa del RVU en el 57,5%, se reduce un 23,7% (66,2% frente 42,5%, p<0,02); predominantes en reflujos unilaterales. Mejoría parcial, con reducción del grado previo en 3,8%. Progresión a grados superiores en 12,5%. Recidivas post-curación completa en 10,9% Los pacientes más jóvenes curan mejor (39,4 frente a 47,6 años, p=0,04). Al analizar las variables urodinámicas, no encontramos diferencias estadísticas. El tratamiento endoscópico consigue una curación del 56.3% (p=0,18). Conclusiones: Con el manejo conservador inicial, se consigue una reducción del reflujo vesicoureteral en el 23,7%, preferentemente en aquellos pacientes con reflujo unilateral, jóvenes (p=0,04) y varones. La presencia o ausencia de hiperactividad o disinergia, no empeora o mejora los resultados, sin embargo se asocia con recidivas. A mayor tiempo de evolución, mejores tasas de curación, pero también mayores recidivas (p=0,007). El tratamiento endoscópico con sustancias abultantes, obtiene una buena tasa de curación (56,3%), incluso en pacientes recidivados después del tratamiento conservador

Introduction: VUR in spinal cord injured patients is cause of important morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper is to make a statistical, retrospective and descriptive study to analyze VUR treatment results, in neurogenic bladder SCI patients. Material and method: We study 40 patients (80 renal units) with VUR in neurogenic bladders and SCI, between March, 1990 and November, 2004. Median age is 43.05 y (9-76). 77.5% of patients are males (3.4:1). Time from injury to VUR is 24.7m (0.2-87). Median follow up is 8.23a (0.5-29). Traumatic lesions are most frequent (70%). Median bladder capacity is 244.9 ml (43-555) and median bladder compliance is 16.12 ml/cm H20 (0.3-61.6). Detrusor overactivity is found in 72.2% and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 71.8%. Initial conservative treatment is done with indwelling catheter and anticholinergics Results: Complete remission was found in 57.5% of RU, descending VUR a 23.7% (66.2% previously to 42.5% after; p<0.02), and predominant in unilateral reflux. Partial response was found in 3.8%, progression in 12.5% and recidiva post CR in 10.9%. Younger patients have better remission rates (39.4 to 47.6 y; p=0.04). Urodinamycs variables don’t found any significant differences in treatment results. Endoscopic treatment with bulking agents gets a good response rate (56.3%) (p=0.18). Conclusions: Initial conservative treatment gets a 23.7% reduction of VUR, especially in men, young and unilateral reflux patients. Anyhow, we observe some progression and recidiva. Detrusor overactivity and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia didn’t influence in treatment results, but they are found in all patients with recidiva. With longer reflux evolution, we observe better responses, but also a higher recidiva rate (p=0.007). Endoscopic bulky injection techniques found out a good response rate (56.3%), also in patients with recidiva after conservative treatment

[Stress urinary incontinence surgical treatment with suburethral suprapubic SPARC sling]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo mediante cabestrillo suburetral SPARC. Análisis de nuestra experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has a high incidence and important morbidity. Multiple surgical techniques have been described to treat it, with despair results. Suburethral slings have become, in recent years, a simpler and less invasive method to treat SUI surgically. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The purpose of this paper is to review, retrospectively, 86 patients treated at our institution, from 10/01 to 12/05 of SUI, with a suprapubic suburethral sling (SPARC). RESULTS: Medium (range) age is 58.7 (39-80), hospital stay was 2.43 d (1-8) and catheter was removed 1.52 d (1-10). 14.5% of patients underwent other vaginal surgeries at same time, most frequently anterior colpoperineoplasty (10.7%). Complications are not very frequent; bladder perforation (5.8%), acute urinary retention (7%), chronic urinary retention (3.5%) and UTI (15.3%). Sling release was performed in 3.5% of women with chronic urinary retention. Total continence was found in 71.4% of patients with 10.1 months medium follow up (1-32). De novo urge symptoms were found in 26.2% of women, with urge incontinence in 54.5% of them. (p < 0.002; OR 5.0 (IC 95% 1.75-14.28). CONCLUSIONS: Suprapubic suburethral SPARC sling is a simple method, with few complications and fast social recovery. Outcome can be measured soon, with a high continence rate. De novo urge symptoms are high and they worsen functional results. It is necessary longer follow-up to evaluate long term outcomes.

[External beam radiotherapy on locally advanced prostate carcinoma following iliac staging lymphadenectomy]. / La radioterapia en el cáncer de próstata localmente avanzado tras estadiaje ganglionar con linfadenectomía.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Locally advanced prostate cancer supposes a high risk condition of post-treatment progression due to the limit situation that represents. Our purpose was to analyze prognoses factors in function of progression probability after using a treatment with external source radiotherapy on patients with this kind of tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a set of 128 patients submitted to pelvic staging limphadenectomy prior to accomplish an external radiotherapeutic treatment. We employed the Kaplan-Meier curves to study the probability of progression, logarithmic ranks test were used for detection of possible statistically significant differences and proportional risks Cox model was employed to study possible risk factors of progression (employing astro criteria). RESULTS: 5 years freedom probability from progression was of 49,93%; in spite of appreciating important differences in the groups stratified by the predictive variables used (total PSA, gleason of pathological biopsy, clinical stage and % of cores affection on biopsy), none of them reached statistical meaning, being the level of total PSA the closest to it. CONCLUSIONS: The external radiotherapeuthic treatment represents a valid alternative in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer, with a tolerable index of secondaries. It must be used combined with hormonotherapy. It seems that the use of higher radiation doses, in a safer way thanks to 3D conformed radiotherapy, allows to improve the results. The most powerful clinical predictor of evolution must be the total PSA.

Papel actual del antígeno prostático específico y otros marcadores en el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata / Current role of PSA and other markers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

OBJETIVOS: Valorar el papel actual del PSA como método de diagnóstico en el cáncer de próstatay analizar los avances con nuevos marcadores relacionadoscon dicho tumor.MÉTODOS: Revisamos en la literatura el valor del PSA como marcador para definir la presencia de cáncer de próstata, así como sus fórmulas moleculares. Las factores relacionados con sus modificaciones, modelos predictivoso las diferentes discrepancias en la utilidad sobre el nivel de corte para definir riesgo o como marcador en si mismo. Analizamos los posibles nuevos marcadores o líneas más interesantes de trabajo en el desarrollo de nuevos test. Utilizamos como vía de trabajo fundamental para la búsqueda bibliografica el Medline.RESULTADOS: Los datos disponibles confirman que el PSA mantiene un nivel alto de sensibilidad aunque la especificidad es baja especialmente en rango de PSA≤10 ngr/ml, se puede ver aumentada con sus diferentesisoformas moleculares, ratios o modelos predictivos.Si bien es verdad que a pesar de dichos estudios persiste la dificultad para aumentar la especificidad y por lo tanto obviar biopsias. En la actualidad se disponede nuevos marcadores, algunos comercializados y otros en vía de desarrollo como las nuevas isoformas o con biología molecular, que parecen mejorar la especificidaddel PSA.CONCLUSIONES: El PSA sigue siendo el marcador patrón para el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata. Es importante mejorar la especificidad para lo que necesitamosnuevos modelos predictivos o nuevas isoformas que puedan ayudarnos a seleccionar mejor los pacientescandidatos a biopsia. Existen en este momento diferenteslíneas de investigación prometedoras con nuevos marcadores, si bien aún no existe sustituto ideal para el PSA que sigue siendo el patron estándar

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the current role of PSA as a diagnostic method for prostate cancer, as well as to analyze possible new markers.METHODS: We perform a bibliographic review for PSA, and its molecular forms, as a marker to define the presence of prostate cancer. We review the factorsrelated to PSA modifications, predictive models, or the current controversies about the usefulness of its cutpoint to define the risk of prostate cancer or the marker itself. We analyze possible new markers and the most interesting work lines in the development of new markers. We used MEDLINE for the bibliographic search.RESULTS: Available data confirm that PSA has a high sensitivity; although specificity is low, mainly in the ≤ 10ng/ml range, it may be increased with the use of variousmolecular isoforms, ratios or predictive models.Nevertheless, it is true that despite such studies it isdifficult to increase specificity, so biopsies are reduced. Currently we have new markers, some of them already marketed, others in development, which seem to improve the specificity of PSA (isoforms, use of molecular biology).CONCLUSIONS: PSA is still the standard marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is important to improve the specificity; therefore we need new predictive models or new isoforms that help us to do a better selection of candidates for biopsy. There are various promising research lines with new markers, but there is not ideal substitute for PSA yet

La radioterapia en el cáncer de próstata localmente avanzado tras estadiaje ganglionar con linfadenectomía / External beam radiotherapy on locally advanced prostate carcinoma following iliac staging lymphadenectomy

Introducción y objetivos: El cáncer de próstata localmente avanzado supone una condición de alto riesgo de progresión bioquímica post-tratamiento debido a la situación límite que representa. Nos planteamos analizar los factores pronósticos clínicos en función de la probabilidad de progresión tras emplear un tratamiento con fuente radioterapeútica externa en pacientes con este tipo de tumores. Material y métodos: Revisamos retrospectivamente una serie de 128 pacientes sometidos a linfadenectomía pélvica de estadiaje como método de estadiaje previo a la realización de el tratamiento radioterápico. Empleamos las curvas de Kaplan-Meier para estudiar la probabilidad de progresión, el test de rangos logarítmicos para la demostración de posibles diferencias estadísticamente significativas y el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para estudiar los posibles factores pronósticos implicados. Resultados: La probabilidad de no progresión a 5 años ha sido del 49,93%; a pesar de apreciar diferencias importantes en los grupos estratificados por las variables predictivas empleadas (PSA total, gleason de biopsia, estadio patológico y % de cilindros afectos en biopsia), ninguna de ellas alcanzó significación estadística, siendo el nivel de PSA t el más próximo a la misma. Conclusiones: La radioterapia externa representa una alternativa válida en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata localmente avanzado con un tolerable índice de secundarismos. Debe emplearse en tratamiento combinado junto a la hormonoterapia. Parece que el empleo de unas dosis más altas de radiación, posible de manera segura gracias a la radioterapia conformada 3D, permiten alcanzar una mayor eficacia. Es probable que el indicador clínico con mayores implicaciones pronósticas sea el nivel de PSA total

Introduction and objectives: Locally advanced prostate cancer supposes a high risk condition of post-treatment progression due to the limit situation that represents. Our purpose was to analyze prognoses factors in function of progression probability after using a treatment with external source radiotherapy on patients with this kind of tumors. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed a set of 128 patients submitted to pelvic staging limphadenectomy prior to accomplish an external radiotherapeutic treatment. We employed the Kaplan-Meier curves to study the probability of progression, logarithmic ranks test were used for detection of possible statistically significant differences and proportional risks Cox model was employed to study possible risk factors of progression (employing astro criteria). Results: 5 years freedom probability from progression was of 49,93%; in spite of appreciating important differences in the groups stratified by the predictive variables used (total PSA, gleason of pathological biopsy, clinical stage and % of cores affection on biopsy), none of them reached statistical meaning, being the level of total PSA the closest to it. Conclusions: The external radiotherapeuthic treatment represents a valid alternative in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer, with a tolerable index of secondaries. It must be used combined with hormonotherapy. It seems that the use of higher radiation doses, in a safer way thanks to 3D conformed radiotherapy, allows to improve the results. The most powerful clinical predictor of evolution must be the total PSA

[Renal angiomyolipomatosis and pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. Its relationship with Bourneville syndrome]. / Angiolipomatosis renal y linfangioleiomiomatosis, su relación con la enfermedad de Bourneville.

INTRODUCTION: Renal angiomyolipomas are not very frequent in urologic activities. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease that occurs mainly in women of reproductive age. Tuberous sclerosis shows lesions to different organs, including these both entities. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We retrospectively analyze patients treated in our center. Three most representatives cases are reported. An indexed literature review is done, in order to establish a clinical protocol to manage these kinds of patients. RESULTS: [corrected] Between 1990 and 2004, eight patients have been attended with an angiomyolipoma renal diagnostic. Five women (62%) and three men (38%). Medium age is 52,3y (29-69). In 3 of them (all women), it was also done a diagnostic of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Bourneville syndrome is not very frequent. Associated angiomyolipomas usually are multiple, bilateral, with tender to grow and require more interventions. Previous diagnostic let us prevent future complications with vigilance, selective arterial embolization and nephron-spare surgery. Tumour size and the presence of symptoms are more decisive to decide best therapy alternative. Young patients with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis should be advise against pregnancy and the use of preparations containing estrogens.

[Clinicopathological study of incidental cancer prostate in patients undergoing surgery for symptomatic diagnosis of BPH]. / Estudio clínico-patológico sobre el cancer de próstata incidental en pacientes intervenidos bajo el supuesto diagnóstico de HBP sintomática.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVES-INTRODUCTION: Retrospective study of a series of patients with prostate surgery (suprapubic prostate adenomectomy -APS-, and prostate transurethral resection -RTU-P-) for presumed BPH symptomatic non-respondent to the conservative medical treatment. Analysis of prevalence, incidence, clinical-pathological, treatment, tumor progression and evolution of the patients with incidental prostate cancer (CPI) detected. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1593 patients with prostate surgery (APS and RTU-P) during 6 years (1996-2001) were revised. APS 35%, RTU-P 65%. Revision of all pathological anatomy of surgical specimens and the evolutions of the patients with CPI. RESULTS: 78 CPI; Prevalence 4,89%; Incidence 13 cases/year. Mean age 73.6 years. Digital rectal examination was normal in 100%, mean PSA 6 ng/ml (0.5-30). Group APS: 25 CPI (32%); prevalence 4.55%; incidence 4 cases/year; mean PSA 7.7 ng/ml (2.8-30); mean weight resection 65 gs. Group RTU-P: 53 CPI (68%); prevalence 5,07%; incidence 9 cases/year; mean PSA 5.2 ng/ml (0,5-29); mean weight resection 20 gs. 22% biopsy previously by high PSA, mean PSA 14 ng/ml (4,8-30). Gleason average 5 (mean 4.8), rank 3-8. pTla 66%, pTlb 33%. TREATMENT: 57% follow-up watched without treatment (wait and see); 18% hormonal treatment; 3% finasteride; 9% Radical Prostatectomy; 9% radiotherapy. Follow Lost 4%. Mean follow-up 47.19 months (12-96). Tumor progression 13.3% (10 patients). Specific CPI mortality 2.6% (2 patients). CONCLUSIONS: We didn't observe significant differences between the prevalence of CPI in both groups (APS and RTU-P). The detected tumours were mainly well differentiated and in stage pTla. In more than half of the cases an expectant attitude without treatment was decided. 13,3% of tumor progression after 47.19 months of follow mean and specific CPI mortality 2.6%.

Angiolipomatosis renal y linfangioleiomiomatosis, su relación con la enfermedad de Bourneville / Renal angiomyolipomatosis and pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. It´s relationship with bourneville syndrome

Introducción: Los angiomiolipomas renales son poco frecuentes en la actividad urológica. La linfangioleiomiomatosis es una rara enfermedad pulmonar que afecta mayoritariamente a mujeres en edad reproductiva. La Esclerosis Tuberosa afecta a diversos órganos, incluyéndose entre sus presentaciones, estas dos entidades. Material y método: Se revisan de forma retrospectiva los pacientes atendidos en nuestro centro, haciendo referencia a tres casos representativos de la enfermedad. Se expone su manejo clínico y Resultados: Asimismo se realiza una revisión de la literatura indexada, que nos permita establecer un protocolo de actuación. Resultados: Entre 1990 y 2004, han sido atendidos 8 pacientes con angiomiolipoma renal. 5 mujeres (62%) y 3 hombres (38%). La media de edad es de 52,3 años (29-69). En 3 pacientes (todas mujeres) se diagnosticó también linfangioleiomiomatosis. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de Bourneville es poco frecuente. Los angiomiolipomas que se asocian, suelen ser múltiples, bilaterales, tendentes al crecimiento y requieren más intervenciones. El diagnóstico precoz permite prevenir futuras complicaciones mediante vigilancia, embolización arterial selectiva o cirugía conservadora. Es importante el tamaño y la presencia de síntomas para decidir la mejor terapia. Las pacientes jóvenes con linfangioleiomiomatosis pulmonar deben ser advertidas del uso de preparados estrogénicos y evitar embarazos

Introduction: Renal angiomyolipomas are not very frequent in urologic activities. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease that occurs mainly in women of reproductive age. Tuberous sclerosis shows lesions to different organs, including these both entities. Material and method: We retrospectively analyze patients treated in our center. Three most representatives cases are reported. An indexed literature review is done, in order to establish a clinical protocol to manage these kinds of patients. Resultados: Between 1990 and 2004, eight patients have been attended with an angiomyolipoma renal diagnostic. Five women (62%) and three men (38%). Medium age is 52,3 y (29-69). In 3 of them (all women), it was also done a diagnostic of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Conclusions: Bourneville syndrome is not very frequent. Associated angiomyolipomas usually are multiple, bilateral, with tender to grow and require more interventions. Previous diagnostic let us prevent future complications with vigilance, selective arterial embolization and nephron-spare surgery. Tumour size and the presence of symptoms are more decisive to decide best therapy alternative. Young patients with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis should be advise against pregnancy and the use of preparations containing estrogens

Estudio clínico-patológico sobre el cáncer de próstata incidental en pacientes intervenidos bajo el supuesto diagnóstico de HBP sintomática / Clinicopathological study of incidental cancer prostate in patients undergoing surgery for symptomatic diagnosis of BPH

Objetivo-Introducción: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de pacientes intervenidos mediante adenomectomía prostática suprapúbica (APS) y resección transuretral prostática (RTU-P) bajo el supuesto diagnóstico de HBP sintomática no respondedora al tratamiento médico conservador. Análisis de la prevalencia, incidencia, datos clínico-patológicos, tratamiento, progresión tumoral y evolución de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata incidental (CPI) detectado. Material y métodos: Se revisaron 1.593 pacientes intervenidos durante 6 años consecutivos (1996-2001). APS 35%, RTUP 65%. Revisión de todas las anatomías patológicas de los especimenes quirúrgicos y de las evoluciones de los pacientes con CPI. Resultados: 78 CPI; Prevalencia 4,89%; Incidencia 13 casos/año. Edad media 73,6 años. Tacto rectal normal en todos, PSA medio 6 ng/ml (0,5-30). Grupo APS: 25 CPI (32%); prevalencia 4,55%; incidencia 4 casos/año; PSA medio 7,7 ng/ml (2,8-30); volumen enucleado medio 65 gs. Grupo RTU-P: 53 CPI (68%); prevalencia 5,07%; incidencia 9 casos/año; PSA medio 5,2 ng/ml (0,5-29); volumen resecado medio 20 gs. 22% biopsiados previamente por PSA elevado medio de 14 ng/ml (4,8-30). Mediana de Gleason 5 (media 4,8), rango 3-8. pT1a 66%, pT1b 33%. Tratamiento: 57% seguimiento vigilado sin tratamiento; 18% tratamiento hormonal; 3% finasteride; 9% Prostatectomía Radical; 9% Radioterapia. Pérdidas 4%. Seguimiento medio 47,19 meses (12-96). Progresión tumoral 13,3% (10 pacientes). Mortalidad CPI específica 2,6% (2 pacientes). Conclusiones: No observamos diferencias significativas entre la prevalencia de CPI en los dos grupos (APS y RTU-P). Los tumores detectados fueron mayoritariamente bien diferenciados y en estadio pT1a. En más de la mitad de los casos se decidió una actitud expectante sin tratamiento (57%). 13,3% de progresión tumoral tras 47,19 meses de seguimiento medio y mortalidad CPI específica del 2,6%

Objectives-Introduction: Retrospective study of a series of patients with prostate surgery (suprapubic prostate adenomectomy –APS-, and prostate transurethral resection -RTU-P- ) for presumed BPH symptomatic non-respondent to the conservative medical treatment. Analysis of prevalence, incidence, clinical-pathological, treatment, tumor progression and evolution of the patients with incidental prostate cancer (CPI) detected. Material and methods: 1593 patients with prostate surgery (APS and RTU-P) during 6 years (1996-2001) were revised. APS 35%, RTU-P 65%. Revision of all pathological anatomy of surgical specimens and the evolutions of the patients with CPI. Results: 78 CPI; Prevalence 4,89%; Incidence 13 cases/year. Mean age 73.6 years. Digital rectal examination was normal in 100%, mean PSA 6 ng/ml (0.5-30). Group APS: 25 CPI (32%); prevalence 4.55%; incidence 4 cases/year; mean PSA 7.7 ng/ml (2.8-30); mean weight resection 65 gs. Group RTU-P: 53 CPI (68%); prevalence 5,07%; incidence 9 cases/year; mean PSA 5.2 ng/ml (0,5-29); mean weight resection 20 gs. 22% biopsy previously by high PSA, mean PSA 14 ng/ml (4,8- 30). Gleason average 5 (mean 4.8), rank 3-8. pT1a 66%, pT1b 33%. Treatment: 57% follow-up watched without treatment (wait and see); 18% hormonal treatment; 3% finasteride; 9% Radical Prostatectomy; 9% radiotherapy. Follow Lost 4%. Mean follow-up 47.19 months (12-96). Tumor progression 13.3% (10 patients). Specific CPI mortality 2.6% (2 patients). Conclusions: We didn´t observe significant differences between the prevalence of CPI in both groups (APS and RTU-P). The detected tumours were mainly well differentiated and in stage pT1a. In more than half of the cases an expectant attitude without treatment was decided. 13,3% of tumor progression after 47.19 months of follow mean and specific CPI mortality 2.6%

[Current role of PSA and other markers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer]. / Papel actual del antígeno prostático específico y otros marcadores en el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the current role of PSA as a diagnostic method for prostate cancer, as well as to analyze possible new markers. METHODS: We perform a bibliographic review for PSA, and its molecular forms, as a marker to define the presence of prostate cancer. We review the factors related to PSA modifications, predictive models, or the current controversies about the usefulness of its cutpoint to define the risk of prostate cancer or the marker itself. We analyze possible new markers and the most interesting work lines in the development of new markers. We used MEDLINE for the bibliographic search. RESULTS: Available data confirm that PSA has a high sensitivity; although specificity is low, mainly in the < 10 ng/ml range, it may be increased with the use of various molecular isoforms, ratios or predictive models. Nevertheless, it is true that despite such studies it is difficult to increase specificity, so biopsies are reduced. Currently we have new markers, some of them already marketed, others in development, which seem to improve the specificity of PSA (isoforms, use of molecular biology). CONCLUSIONS: PSA is still the standard marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is important to improve the specificity; therefore we need new predictive models or new isoforms that help us to do a better selection of candidates for biopsy. There are various promising research lines with new markers, but there is not ideal substitute for PSA yet.

[Role of nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Experience of the Department of Urology Juan Canalejo Hospital]. / Papel de la nefrectomía en el adenocarcinoma renal metastático: experiencia del Servicio de Urología del Hospital Juan Canalejo.

OBJECTIVES: We expose our experience in nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and also show complications, evolution and survival of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performe a retrospective review of renal cell carcinoma treated at our service in the period between January 1st 1991 and December 31st 2002. We only studied those which presented in a metastatic pattern (31), and divide these in two groups: the ones which were nephrectomized and those which were not. We try to showw the differences between the two groups in order of status performance (E.C.O.G.), associated morbidity and median survival. In the first group we also study complications of surgery and treatment that patients underwent. RESULTS: we performed nephrectomy in 19 cases, all of them E.C.O.G. 0-1. Median postoperative stay was 12 days, and complication rate was 11.5%. Of these patients, 45% underwent some type of systemic treatment, and median survival was 31 months. We didn't performed nephrectomy in 12 patients, of which 9 were E.C.O.G. 2-3. Associated co-morbidity was higher in this group. Only in three patients any treatment was offered always with palliative reason. Median survival was 3.8 months. CONCLUSIONS: In those patients with good performance status this approach does not represent more morbility nor mortality than in non-metastatic patients, and that is a cornerstone in their management. We also make a literature review in which we see the last pathways in the management of these patients, and that show the needing for a combined approach both quirurgical and inmunotherapical. We have review with special interest the studie's conclusions of SWOG and EORTC groups.

Papel de la nefrectomía en el adenocarcinoma renal metastático: experiencia del Servicio de Urología del Hospital Juan Canalejo / Role of nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Experience of the department of urology Juan Canalejo Hospital

Objetivos: Presentar nuestra experiencia en la realización de nefrectomía en tumores renales que se presentan con metástasis al diagnóstico, y observar las complicaciones, evolución y supervivencia de estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Realizamos una revisión retrospectiva de los adenocarcinomas renales en el período entre 1-1-1991 y 31-12-2002. Estudiamos solamente los que se presentaron con metástasis (31). Se estudian aquellos pacientes a los que se les practicó nefrectomía y aquellos a los que no se les ofreció tratamiento quirúrgico. Buscamos mostrar las diferencias en los dos grupos en cuanto a status vital (Tabla E.C.O.G.), patología concomitante y supervivencia media. En el grupo de los pacientes nefrectomizados estudiamos las complicaciones derivadas de la intervención y el tratamiento posterior. Resultados: Realizamos nefrectomía en 19 casos. Todos ellos E.C.O.G. 0-1. La estancia post operatoria media fue de12 días, y la tasa de complicaciones 11,5%. El 45% de estos pacientes siguieron algún tipo de tratamiento posterior, y la supervivencia media fue de 31 meses. No se realizó nefrectomía en 12 casos, de los cuales 9 eran E.C.O. G 2-3. La patología asociada que presentaban estos pacientes era más importante que en el primer grupo. Sólo en 3 casos se administró tratamiento con fines paliativos y la supervivencia media fue de 3,8 meses. Conclusiones: En pacientes con buen estado vital la nefrectomía no representa más morbilidad ni mortalidad que en los pacientes sin metástasis, y nos parece una opción fundamental en su manejo. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica en la que recogemos las últimas tendencias en el tratamiento de estos pacientes, que ponen de manifiesto la necesidad del abordaje combinado quirúrgico e inmunoterápico. Nos parecen de interés fundamental las conclusiones de los estudios del SWOG y del EORTC (AU)

Objectives: We expose our experience in nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and also show complications, evolution and survival of these patients. Material and methods: We performe a retrospective review of renal cell carcinomaes treated at our service in the period between January 1st 1991 and December 31st 2002. We only studied those which presented in a metastatic pattern (31), and divide these in two groups: the ones which were nephrectomized and those which were not. We try to show the diferences between the two groups in order of status performance (E.C.O.G.), associated morbidity and median survival. In the first group we also study complications of surgery and treatment that patients underwent. Results: we performed nephrectomy in 19 cases, all of them E.C.O.G. 0-1. Median postoperative stay was 12 days, and complication rate was 11.5%. Of these patients, 45% underwent some tipe of systemic treatment, and median survival was 31 months. We didn´t performed nephrectomy in 12 patients, of which 9 were E.C.O.G. 2-3. Asociated comorbidity was higher in this group. Only in three patients any treatment was offerted always with paliative reason. Median survival was 3.8 months. Conclusions: In those patients with good performance status this aproach does not represent more morbility or mortality than in non- metastatic patients, and that is a cornerstone in their management. We also make a literature review in wich we see the last pathways in the management e of these patients, and that show the needing for a conbined approach both quirurgical and inmunotherapical. We have review with special interest the studie’s conclusions of SWOG and EORTC groups (AU)